Mutation of a Critical Arginine in Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Shifts the Isomerase Activity to a Reductase Activity That Converts Prostaglandin H-2 into Prostaglandin F-2 alpha

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase type 1 (mPGES-1) converts prostaglandin endoperoxides, generated from arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenases, into prostaglandin E-2. This enzyme belongs to the membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism (MAPEG) family of integral membrane proteins, and because of its link to inflammatory conditions and preferential coupling to cyclooxygenase 2, it has received considerable attention as a drug target. Based on the high resolution crystal structure of human leukotriene C-4 synthase, a model of mPGES-1 has been constructed in which the tripeptide co-substrate glutathione is bound in a horseshoe-shaped conformation with its thiol group positioned in close proximity to Arg-126. Mutation of Arg-126 into an Ala or Gln strongly reduces the enzyme's prostaglandin E synthase activity (85-95%), whereas mutation of a neighboring Arg-122 does not have any significant effect. Interestingly, R126A and R126Q mPGES-1 exhibit a novel, glutathione-dependent, reductase activity, which allows conversion of prostaglandin H-2 into prostaglandin F-2 alpha. Our data show that Arg-126 is a catalytic residue in mPGES-1 and suggest that MAPEG enzymes share significant structural components of their active sites.