Food system actors perspectives on Swedish agricultural preparedness -a Q-methodology study

Profitability and environmental sustainability have long been central to agri-food policy. Increasing geopolitical tensions, however, have shifted attention toward the food supply in times of crisis, challenging actors to place greater emphasis on food preparedness. The aim of this study was to assess food system actors' perspectives on the challenges and issues related to the role of Swedish agriculture to ensure supply of food commodities in times of crises. Using Q-methodology, 47 statements drawn from policy documents and media sources relating to food production, sustainability, and preparedness were prioritized by 26 food system actors based on how closely each statement aligned with their individual perspectives. Seven interviews provided further clarification for interpretation of the results. Factor analysis identified four factors, including one bipolar factor, which we interpreted as five distinct perspectives. 1) “Focus on the environment” is a perspective in which respondents emphasize environmental sustainability and low-input solutions. 2)“Strengthen current production”, focuses on prioritizing domestically produced inputs and cattle production. 3) “Ensure profitability and long-term solutions”, highlights profitability and diversification of cropping systems. In the remaining two perspectives, the focus is on preparedness and responsibility of individual businesses: 4) “Go for contingency planning” stresses the importance of authorities' roles, while 5) “Keep up international trade” emphasizes maintaining international trade connections. These perspectives reflect broader societal debates on food system transformation relating to resilience and sustainability. The plurality of perspectives provides insights to guide future policy development in Sweden and in other countries in the European Union facing similar challenges.