Factors influencing public support for forest restoration in Europe: evidence from Sweden and Spain

Forest restoration is essential for reversing biodiversity loss and enhancing ecosystem services. While its ecological dimensions are well recorded, the societal aspects, particularly public support, remain underexplored. This study examines the factors influencing public support for forest restoration in Sweden and Spain, two regions with distinct ecological and socio-cultural contexts. Drawing on a standardised survey (n = 241) and a generalised linear model (GLM), we analyse the influence of socio-demographic, behavioural, and perception-based factors. The findings reveal contrasting age-related patterns: older individuals in Sweden show greater support for restoration, while younger individuals are more supportive in Spain. Longer travel times to forests are associated with reduced support, especially in Sweden. Positive perceptions of forest benefits, including biodiversity, risk mitigation and recreation, enhance support, whereas perceptions of forest exploitation are linked to reduced support, particularly in Spain. These results underscore the need for context-sensitive communication and engagement strategies. Tailoring policy measures to local perceptions and values is vital for fostering public participation and ensuring the success of forest restoration initiatives.