Arctic lemmings, Lemmus spp. and Dicrostonyx spp.: integrating ecological and evolutionary perspectives

Predictions: Increasing primary productivity along the southern (lower) boundary of the ranges of arctic lemmings should lead to their elimination by voles via apparent competition. Exclusion of lemmings should initiate dramatic changes in the vegetation of those tundra habitats, which have at least moderate snow cover and do not freeze in solid ice in winter. Exclusion of predators should have no impact on dynamics of inland populations of arctic lemmings.